Syllabus: Paper II > 1.2 Palaeo-anthropological evidences from India > Narmada basin (Narmada Man)
Impact of Industrialization on Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand — 2016 Paper II
Question · 2016 · Paper II · 10 Marks
Impact of industrialization on scheduled tribe population of Jharkhand
Model Answer
VAID ICSApproach
Demand of Question: Assess industrialization in Jharkhand as a contradictory process producing employment, infrastructure and urban linkages while also intensifying displacement, land alienation, ecological damage and cultural disruption among Adivasi communities.
Structuring the Response: Locate industrial-mineral context -> positive opportunities -> displacement/livelihood effects -> social and health consequences -> rights-based conclusion.
Key Dimensions to Cover: Munda, Oraon, Ho, Santhal; coalfields, Jamshedpur/Bokaro, dams and mining; land alienation, migration, proletarianization, informal labour; women and nutrition; Fifth Schedule, PESA/FRA; Xaxa Committee.
Model Answer
Introduction
Jharkhand’s mineral economy has made industrialization highly consequential for Munda, Oraon, Ho and Santhal communities. Steel, coal, dams and mining connect tribal regions to markets but distribute benefits unequally.
Body
Economic change: Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Damodar coalfields created wage work, education, markets and urban mobility, enabling some households to diversify beyond subsistence agriculture.
Displacement and land loss: Projects acquired customary and common lands that compensation systems poorly recognized. Women, tenants and forest users often lost livelihoods without equivalent rehabilitation, accelerating alienation and migration.
Social-ecological consequences: Mining pollution affects water, forests and farmland; migration and wage labour reshape kinship, gender roles and authority, while many urban migrants enter insecure informal work.
Political response: Industrial dispossession contributed to Jharkhandi identity politics and demands for stronger land and self-governance protections. Fifth Schedule safeguards, PESA, FRA and tenancy laws are important but unevenly implemented.
Conclusion
Industrialization has therefore produced selective mobility alongside structural dispossession. A just model requires prior participation, secure land/community rights, livelihood-based rehabilitation and tribal control over the development choices affecting their territories.
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UPSC Anthropology Optional 2016 — Paper II
28 questionsSyllabus: Paper II > 9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements
Syllabus: Paper II > 9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development
5(b) Bio-genetic variability of Indian tribes
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 6.1 Tribal situation in India > Bio-genetic variability
Syllabus: Paper II > 4. Emergence, growth and development of anthropology in India > Scholar-administrators and tribal studies
Syllabus: Paper II > 1.1 Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization > Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization
1(e) Ethno-archaeological evidences for the survival of hunting-gathering traditions in India
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India > Survivals and parallels among hunting and foraging communities
Syllabus: Paper II > 7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes
Syllabus: Paper II > 7.1 Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes > Fifth and Sixth Schedules
Syllabus: Paper II > 6.3 Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal populations
Syllabus: Paper II > 8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies > Islam
1(d) Impact of Jainism on Indian society
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 3.4 Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society > Jainism
Syllabus: Paper II > 5.1 Indian Village > Indian village as a social system
4(c) Compare the contribution of L. P. Vidyarthi and D. N. Majumdar to the study of Indian tribes.
15 Marks
Syllabus: Paper II > 4. Emergence, growth and development of anthropology in India > Contributions of Indian anthropologists
1(b) Linguistic elements in Indian population
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 2. Demographic profile of India > Linguistic elements and their distribution
6(b) Examine the nature of interplay of little and great traditions in the context of globalization.
15 Marks
Syllabus: Paper II > 5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change > Interplay of little and great traditions
1(a) Significance of Mesolithic findings from Belan Valley
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 1.1 Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization > Prehistoric > Mesolithic > Belan Valley
Syllabus: Paper II > 9.1 Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development
Syllabus: Paper II > 7.3 Regionalism and demand for autonomy
1(c) Relevance of caste in contemporary Indian politics
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 3.2 Caste system in India > Caste in contemporary politics
Syllabus: Paper II > 6.3 Development of forest policy and tribals > Forest Rights Act, 2006
4(a) Give a detailed appraisal of skeletal remains from Chalcolithic culture of undivided Punjab.
20 Marks
Syllabus: Paper II > 1.1 Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization > Neolithic-Chalcolithic > Skeletal evidence
Syllabus: Paper II > 3.2 Caste system in India > Theories of origin of the caste system
Syllabus: Paper II > 2. Demographic profile of India > Ethnic elements > Racial classification and the Negrito question
Syllabus: Paper II > 5.1 Indian Village > Traditional and changing patterns of settlement
Syllabus: Paper II > 7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies > Impact of development programmes and welfare measures
5(d) Tribe as a colonial construct
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper II > 6.1 Tribal situation in India > Definition and construction of the category 'tribe'
Syllabus: Paper II > 3.2 Caste system in India > Tribe-caste continuum and Sanskritization