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Home/Anthropology/Mains PYQ/2014/Paper II/Indian Society, Caste & Civilization
UPSC MainsAnthropology Optional Paper II 2014 10 Marks Model Answer Available

H. H. Risley and the ‘Aryan’ Debate — 2014 Paper II

Question · 2014 · Paper II · 10 Marks

Contribution of H. H. Risley to the 'Aryan' debate

Model Answer

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Approach

  • Demand of Question: Explain Risley’s anthropometric contribution to the colonial debate on Aryan origins and racial composition of Indian populations.
  • Structuring the Response: Present his methodology and Aryan–Dravidian interpretation, followed by a brief critical appraisal from modern anthropology.
  • Key Dimensions to Cover: H.H. Risley, nasal index, anthropometry, Indo-Aryan type, caste hierarchy, Aryan-Dravidian theory and criticism of racial typology.

Model Answer

Introduction: H.H. Risley, a colonial administrator and ethnographer, made an influential but now outdated contribution to the debate on the racial composition of India and the supposed relationship between Aryan migration and caste hierarchy.

Risley relied heavily on anthropometry, particularly the nasal index:

Nasal breadth / Nasal height × 100

He classified Indian populations into several “racial types,” including:

  • Indo-Aryan;
  • Dravidian;
  • Aryo-Dravidian;
  • Mongoloid and mixed types.

Risley argued that the so-called Aryan population entering northwestern India possessed relatively narrow noses and became socially dominant over indigenous populations.

He further attempted to establish a correlation between:

Higher caste rank → Greater supposed Aryan physical characteristics

and associated broader nasal forms with lower social rank.

His work strengthened the colonial Aryan–Dravidian racial model.

However, modern anthropology rejects such rigid racial classification because:

  • human variation is continuous;
  • caste and biological ancestry do not correspond simply;
  • Indian populations show extensive historical admixture.

Conclusion: Risley was important historically for introducing systematic anthropometry into Indian ethnography, but his Aryan interpretation reflects colonial racial typology rather than contemporary population genetics.

2026 What are the major debates related to the concept of jajmani system? 2026 Does caste as a social category exist among the non-Hindu communities in India? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. 2025 Trace the history and describe the methods of formulating the lists of OBCs, both at the State and National levels. 2025 Caste domination, factionalism and political power

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