The Concept of PTG — 2014 Paper II

Approach

• Demand of Question: Explain the concept of Primitive Tribal Groups, the criteria used for their identification and their developmental significance.
• Structuring the Response: Define PTGs, present the original criteria and note the later shift in terminology to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
• Key Dimensions to Cover: Dhebar Commission context, identification criteria, PVTG, vulnerability, subsistence, literacy and targeted development.

Model Answer

Introduction: Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) were identified as especially vulnerable sections among Scheduled Tribes requiring focused developmental attention. The category was introduced in the 1970s; the term was later changed to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) because “primitive” was considered inappropriate.

The traditional criteria for identification included:

• pre-agricultural level of technology;
• low level of literacy;
• stagnant or declining population;
• subsistence-oriented economy.

Thus:

High vulnerability + Limited technological base + Poor socioeconomic indicators → PTG/PVTG classification

Examples include communities such as:

• Birhor;
• Baiga;
• Chenchu;
• Koraga;
• Pahariya groups.

India currently recognizes 75 PVTG communities.

Their vulnerability is often linked with:

• remoteness;
• food insecurity;
• poor health;
• low educational access;
• dependence on forests;
• loss of customary resources.

A major criticism is that uniform criteria may overlook significant internal differences among communities.

Conclusion: The PTG/PVTG concept was created to ensure special protection and targeted development for the most vulnerable tribal communities, but interventions must remain culturally sensitive and community-specific rather than paternalistic.