Syllabus: Paper I > 1.8(a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology > Chronology > Absolute dating methods
Epidemiological Anthropology — 2014 Paper I
Question · 2014 · Paper I · 10 Marks
Epidemiological Anthropology
Model Answer
VAID ICSApproach
- Demand of Question: Explain Epidemiological Anthropology as the anthropological study of distribution and determinants of disease in cultural and ecological contexts.
- Structuring the Response: Define the field, identify its biocultural perspective, and show its relevance to disease transmission and health behaviour.
- Key Dimensions to Cover: Disease patterns, culture, ecology, behaviour, host-agent-environment, infectious disease and social determinants.
Model Answer
Introduction: Epidemiological Anthropology combines epidemiology with anthropological approaches to understand how biological, cultural, ecological and social factors influence the distribution of disease in human populations.
Classical epidemiology examines:
Host + Agent + Environment
Anthropology adds:
Culture + Behaviour + Social organization
It studies how disease patterns are affected by:
- subsistence;
- settlement;
- migration;
- diet;
- sanitation;
- occupation;
- health beliefs.
For example, infectious-disease transmission may depend upon:
- crowding;
- food habits;
- mobility;
- water use.
Similarly, non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension can be linked with:
- nutritional transition;
- reduced physical activity;
- psychosocial stress.
Anthropological fieldwork also explains why communities may accept or reject:
- vaccination;
- biomedical treatment;
- public-health programmes.
Thus:
Disease distribution = Biological exposure + Cultural behaviour + Social environment
Conclusion: Epidemiological Anthropology provides a biocultural explanation of disease, making epidemiological data more meaningful by locating health patterns within the actual ecological and cultural contexts of populations.
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UPSC Anthropology Optional 2014 — Paper I
28 questions8(a) Discuss Ageing and Senescence. Describe either the biological or social theories of Ageing.
20 Marks
Syllabus: Paper I > 10. Human growth and development > Ageing and senescence > Theories of ageing
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology > Infectious and non-infectious diseases
5(d) Asian Homo erectus
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution > Homo erectus in Asia
5(a) Cross-sectional methods of studying human growth
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 10. Human growth and development > Methodologies for growth studies > Cross-sectional method
1(a) Double Descent
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 2.5 Kinship > Descent > Double descent
1(d) Ecological Anthropology
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology > Bio-cultural adaptations
5(c) Epidemiological Anthropology
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology > Health and disease
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.3 Mendelian population and Hardy-Weinberg law > Forces changing gene frequency
5(e) Fertility and Fecundity
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality
1(e) Field work tradition in Anthropology
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 8.1 Research Methods > Fieldwork tradition in Anthropology
4(a) What is functionalism ? Discuss the functional approach to the understanding of Religion.
20 Marks
Syllabus: Paper I > 6. Anthropological Theories > Functionalism > Functional approach to religion
1(b) Genealogical Method
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 8.3 Research Methods: Tools of data collection > Genealogy
5(b) Genetic Counselling
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.4(d) Genetic screening, genetic counselling and human DNA profiling
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.7 Man's physiological responses to environmental stresses > High altitude climate
Syllabus: Paper I > 2.1 The Nature of Culture > Concept and characteristics of culture > Culture and human uniqueness
Syllabus: Paper I > 4. Political Organization and Social Control > Law and justice in simple societies
1(c) Major sub-divisions of Anthropology
10 Marks150 words
Syllabus: Paper I > 1.3 Main branches of Anthropology: their scope and relevance
Syllabus: Paper I > 2.3 Marriage > Definition and universality > Types of marriage
Syllabus: Paper I > 11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bio-events to fertility
Syllabus: Paper I > 1.8(b) Cultural Evolution: broad outlines of prehistoric cultures > Neolithic
Syllabus: Paper I > 5. Religion > Ritual and ceremony > Rites of passage (van Gennep)
Syllabus: Paper I > 1.1 Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology > Relevance of Anthropology
Syllabus: Paper I > 1.5 Characteristics of Primates > Comparative anatomy of man and apes
Syllabus: Paper I > 10. Concept of human growth and development > Stages of growth
Syllabus: Paper I > 4. Political Organization and Social Control > Band, tribe, chiefdom, state and stateless societies
Syllabus: Paper I > 2.2 The Nature of Society > Social stratification > Status and role; ascribed and achieved status
Syllabus: Paper I > 9.4(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations > Klinefelter (XXY) and Turner (XO)